Fundamentals of Molecular Structural Biology, Second Edition reviews the mathematical and physical foundations of molecular structural biology, covering the latest advancements in the field. The book begins with a historical perspective before exploring a range of topics including mathematical concepts, physical aspects of chemistry, chemical basis of biology, structural analysis and visualization, protein folding, transcription, RNA processing, cell signaling, and computational molecular biology. Additionally this new edition delves into AI fundamentals and applications, including AlphaFold and RoseTTAFold. In recent years AI has made a big impact upon molecular structural biology, and this book explores the latest developments in this area. This fully updated edition provides a detailed overview of the fundamental concepts across molecular structural biology and acts as an ideal guide for researchers and advanced students working in this area. Given the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of this subject, early career researchers and those shifting into an adjacent field often require a "fundamentals" book to get them up-to-speed on the foundations of a particular field. This book fills that niche.