This volume on Brainstem consolidates research for a complete understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the Brainstem and how it affects assorted other systems in the body. The brainstem impacts breathing, the gastrointestinal system, the cardiac system, mood, pain, wakefulness, consciousness, and sleep. Pathologies can impact vision, motor control, hearing, balance, blood supply and is particularly involved in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s. The volume discusses how the brainstem operates in full health, pathologies associated with the brainstem and their impact, methods for monitoring brainstem function, and diagnosis and treatment of brainstem disorders. Monitoring and intervention is reliant on technologies to assess function. This volume will include CT, MRI, USG, angiography, BERA, and functional imaging.
Section 1. Physiology and semiology
1. History of the brainstem – a developing concept throughout the history of medicine
2. Structural and Functional anatomy of the Brainstem
3. Autonomic Blood pressure control
4. Emotion
5. Brainstem in pain control
6. Wakefulness, consciousness and sleep
Section 2. Pathology
7. Locked-in syndrome
8. The vestibular system, equilibrium, and vertigo
9. Oculomotor disorders, nystagmus (all causes)
10. Pupillary disorders
11. Neurodevelopmental brainstem syndromes
12. Intrinsic Pontine Tumors: Pathology of brainstem tumors and Exploration of DIPG
13. Autoimmune maladies of the brainstem
14. Dysarthria
15. Brainstem in neurodegenerative diseases
16. Brainstem vascular syndromes
17. Traumatic brain injury in the brainstem
Section 3. Monitoring and Intervention
18. Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brainstem
19. Ultrasound studies of brainstem
20. Anatomical imaging: angiography
21. Brainstem evoked responses
22. Functional and molecular brainstem imaging
23. Brain death and the brain stem
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