The emergence of Islamist and Salafi movements – the actors of Islamist Politics – has been a critical area of scholarship on the Middle East and North Africa. But there is no theoretical framework to understand political Islam as a phenomenon that includes both Islamic ideology and modern activism. This book uses the Gramscian concept of political activism to provide this much-needed perspective. As Arab societies have had a similar historical development and trajectory to the society Gramsci was analyzing, his ideas are shown to be particularly relevant for understanding the post-2011 democratization and politicization of Islamist and Salafi movements. Based on the case study of the Tunisian Islamist movement, al-Nahda, and the Tunisian Salafi movement, Ansar al-Sharia, political Islam is given a useful explanatory framework to explain how the ideological/theological side of Islamic activism realizes itself into practical political action. The book establishes the term ‘Islamic politics’ to describe this combination of socio-religious mobilization - commonly defined as dawa - and political organization, including party or revolutionary organizations. Furthermore, the authors show that Islamists and Salafists can be described as ‘post-Islamist’ in the same way communist parties became ‘post-communist’ and ‘post-ideological’. Written by two renowned experts on political Islam, the innovative theoretical framework used here can explain the development and behaviour of Islamist groups in other contexts, moving scholarship beyond traditional approaches.