Introduction xxxv Part I: Networking Concepts Chapter 1 The OSI Model and Encapsulation 3 Foundation Topics 4 The Purpose of Reference Models 4 The OSI Model 6 Layer 1: The Physical Layer 7 Layer 2: The Data Link Layer 11 Media Access Control 12 Logical Link Control 13 Layer 3: The Network Layer 14 Layer 4: The Transport Layer 17 Layer 5: The Session Layer 19 Layer 6: The Presentation Layer 20 Layer 7: The Application Layer 21 The TCP/IP Stack 22 Layers of the TCP/IP Stack 22 Common Application Protocols in the TCP/IP Stack 26 Real-World Case Study 27 Summary 28 Exam Preparation Tasks 28 Chapter 2 Networking Appliances, Applications, and Functions 35 Foundation Topics 36 Physical and Virtual Appliances 36 Routers 36 Switches 36 Firewalls 45 Intrusion Detection System (IDS)/Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) 46 IDS Versus IPS 46 IDS and IPS Device Categories 47 Signature-Based Detection 48 Policy-Based Detection 48 Anomaly-Based Detection 48 Load Balancer 49 Proxy Servers 49 Network-attached Storage (NAS) 51 Storage Area Networks (SANs) 51 Access Points (APs) 52 Controllers 53 Networking Device Summary 53 Applications and Functions 54 Content Delivery Network (CDN) 54 Virtual Private Network (VPN) 55 Quality of Service (QoS) 55 Time to Live (TTL) 57 Real-World Case Study 57 Summary 58 Exam Preparation Tasks 58 Chapter 3 Cloud Concepts 65 Foundation Topics 66 Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) 66 Cloud Networking Components 67 Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) 67 Network Security Groups 68 Network Security Lists 69 Cloud Gateways 69 Deployment Models 71 Service Models 72 Key Cloud Concepts 73 Cloud Connectivity Options 73 Multitenancy 74 Elasticity 74 Scalability 75 Real-World Case Study 75 Summary 75 Exam Preparation Tasks 76 Chapter 4 Networking Ports, Protocols, Services, and Traffic Types 81 Foundation Topics 82 Ports and Protocols 82 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 82 SFTP 82 SSH 82 Telnet 82 SMTP 83 DNS (Domain Name System) 83 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) 83 TFTP 83 HTTP 83 NTP 83 SNMP 84 LDAP 84 HTTPS 84 SMB 84 Syslog 84 SMTPS 85 LDAPS 85 Structured Query Language (SQL) Server 85 RDP 85 SIP 85 Protocol/Port Summary 85 Internet Protocol (IP) Types 87 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 87 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 88 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 88 Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) 88 Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) 89 Internet Protocol (IP) Types Summary 89 Traffic Types 90 Unicast 90 Broadcast 91 Multicast 91 Anycast 92 Traffic Types Summary 94 Summary 95 Exam Preparation Tasks 95 Chapter 5 Transmission Media and Transceivers 101 Foundation Topics 102 Wireless 102 Transmission Methods 105 WLAN Standards (802.11) 106 802.11a 106 802.11b 106 802.11g 106 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4) 106 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) 107 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) 107 802.11 Standards Summary 108 Cellular 108 Satellite 109 Copper and Fiber Media and Connectors 111 Coaxial Cable 111 Twisted-Pair Cable 113 Shielded Twisted Pair 113 Unshielded Twisted Pair 114 Twisted-Pair Cable Connectors 116 Plenum Versus Non-plenum Cable 117 Fiber-Optic Cable 117 Multimode Fiber 118 Single-Mode Fiber 120 Fiber-Optic Cable Connectors 120 Fiber Connector Polishing Styles 121 Ethernet and Fiber Standards (802.3) 122 Distance and Speed Limitations 124 Transceivers 126 Multiplexing in Fiber-Optic Networks 127 Media Converters 127 Real-World Case Study 128 Summary 128 Exam Preparation Tasks 128 Chapter 6 Network Topologies, Architectures, and Types 135 Foundation Topics 136 Defining a Network 136 The Purpose of Networks 136 Network Types and Characteristics 137 LAN 137 WAN 138 WLAN 138 SAN 139 Other Categories of Networks 139 CAN 139 MAN 139 PAN 139 Networks Defined Based on Resource Location 140 Client/Server Networks 140 Peer-to-Peer Networks 141 Cloud Networking 143 Networks Defined by Topology 143 Physical Versus Logical Topology 143 Point-to-Point Topology 145 Star Topology 145 Hub-and-Spoke Topology 146 Full-Mesh Topology 147 Partial-Mesh Topology 148 The Three-Tier Hierarchical Model 150 The Access/Edge Layer 150 The Distribution/Aggregation Layer 151 The Core Layer 152 Spine and Leaf 153 Traffic Flows 155 Real-World Case Study 155 Summary 155 Exam Preparation Tasks 156 Chapter 7 IPv4 Addressing 163 Foundation Topics 164 Binary Numbering 164 Principles of Binary Numbering 164 Converting a Binary Number to a Decimal Number 165 Converting a Decimal Number to a Binary Number 165 Binary Numbering Practice 167 Binary Conversion Exercise 1 167 Binary Conversion Exercise 1: Solution 168 Binary Conversion Exercise 2 168 Binary Conversion Exercise 2: Solution 168 Binary Conversion Exercise 3 168 Binary Conversion Exercise 3: Solution 169 Binary Conversion Exercise 4 169 Binary Conversion Exercise 4: Solution 170 IPv4 Addressing 170 IPv4 Address Structure 171 Classes of Addresses 173 Assigning IPv4 Addresses 175 IP Addressing Components 175 Static Configuration 176 Dynamic Configuration 180 Automatic Private IP Addressing 180 Subnetting 181 Purpose of Subnetting 182 Subnet Mask Notation 182 Subnet Notation: Practice Exercise 1 184 Subnet Notation: Practice Exercise 1 Solution 184 Subnet Notation: Practice Exercise 2 184 Subnet Notation: Practice Exercise 2 Solution 185 Extending a Classful Mask 185 Borrowed Bits 185 Calculating the Number of Created Subnets 185 Calculating the Number of Available Hosts 186 Basic Subnetting Practice: Exercise 1 187 Basic Subnetting Practice: Exercise 1 Solution 187 Basic Subnetting Practice: Exercise 2 188 Basic Subnetting Practice: Exercise 2 Solution 188 Calculating New IP Address Ranges 189 Advanced Subnetting Practice: Exercise 1 192 Advanced Subnetting Practice: Exercise 1 Solution 192 Advanced Subnetting Practice: Exercise 2 193 Advanced Subnetting Practice: Exercise 2 Solution 193 Additional Practice 195 Classless Inter-domain Routing 196 Real-World Case Study 197 Summary 198 Chapter 8 Evolving Use Cases 203 Foundation Topics 205 SDN and SD-WAN 205 Software-Defined Networking (SDN) 205 Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN) 206 Virtual Extensible Local Area Network (VXLAN) 208 Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) 209 SASE and SSE 211 Infrastructure as Code (IaC) 212 IP Version 6 215 Need for IPv6 216 IPv6 Address Structure 217 IPv6 Address Types 217 IPv6 Data Flows 218 Unicast 219 Multicast 219 Anycast 220 Real-World Case Study 221 Summary 222 Exam Preparation Tasks 223 Part II: Network Implementation Chapter 9 Routing Technologies 229 Foundation Topics 230 Routing 230 Sources of Routing Information 233 Directly Connected Routes 233 Static Routes 234 Dynamic Routing Protocols 235 Routing Protocol Characteristics 237 Believability of a Route 237 Metrics 238 Interior Versus Exterior Gateway Protocols 238 Route Advertisement Method 238 Distance Vector 239 Link State 242 Routing Protocol Examples 242 Address Translation 244 NAT 244 PAT 246 First Hop Redundancy Protocol (FHRP) 248 Real-World Case Study 250 Summary 250 Exam Preparation Tasks 251 Chapter 10 Ethernet Switching Technologies 257 Foundation Topics 258 Principles of Ethernet 258 Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection 258 Distance and Speed Limitations 262 Ethernet Switch Features 263 Virtual LANs 263 Switch Configuration for an Access Port 266 Trunks 267 Switch Configuration for a Trunk Port 268 Spanning Tree Protocol 269 Corruption of a Switch’s MAC Address Table 269 Broadcast Storms 270 STP Operation 271 Modern Enhancements to STP 274 Link Aggregation 275 LACP Configuration 276 Power over Ethernet 277 Other Switch Features 278 Real-World Case Study 279 Summary 279 Exam Preparation Tasks 280 Chapter 11 Configure Wireless Devices and Technologies 285 Foundation Topics 286 Introducing Wireless LANs 286 WLAN Concepts and Components 286 Wireless Routers 286 Wireless Access Point 287 Guest Networks 289 Antennas 289 Channel and Frequency Options 292 Deploying Wireless LANs 293 Types of WLANs 293 IBSS 293 BSS 294 ESS 295 Mesh Topology 295 Sources of Interference 296 Wireless AP Placement 297 Securing Wireless LANs 299 Security Issues 299 Approaches to WLAN Security 300 Security Standards 303 WPA2 303 WPA3 303 Additional Wireless Options 303 Real-World Case Study 304 Summary 305 Exam Preparation Tasks 305 Chapter 12 Physical Installations 311 Foundation Topics 312 Important Installation Implications 312 Locations 313 Power 315 Environmental Factors 317 Real-World Case Study 318 Summary 320 Exam Preparation Tasks 320 Part III: Network Operations Chapter 13 Organizational Processes and Procedures 325 Foundation Topics 326 Documentation 326 Processes and Procedures 329 Life-cycle Management 329 Change Management 332 Configuration Management 333 Real-World Case Study 334 Summary 335 Exam Preparation Tasks 336 Chapter 14 Network Monitoring 341 Foundation Topics 342 Network Monitoring Methods 342 SNMP 342 Performance Metrics/Sensors 345 Port Mirroring 348 Port Mirroring Configuration 350 Logging 350 Syslog 351 Other Logs 353 NetFlow 354 API Integration 354 Monitoring Solutions 355 Real-World Case Study 357 Summary 357 Exam Preparation Tasks 358 Chapter 15 Disaster Recovery 363 Foundation Topics 364 High Availability 364 High-Availability Measurement 364 DR Metrics 364 Fault-Tolerant Network Design 365 Hardware Redundancy 367 Design Considerations for High-Availability Networks 368 High-Availability Best Practices 369 Content Caching 370 Load Balancing 370 Hardware Redundancy 370 Testing 372 Real-World Case Study: Network Design 372 Case Study Scenario 373 Suggested Solution 375 IP Addressing 375 Layer 1 Media 376 Layer 2 Devices 376 Layer 3 Devices 377 Wireless Design 378 Environmental Factors 379 Cost Savings Versus Performance 379 Topology 379 Summary 380 Exam Preparation Tasks 380 Chapter 16 IPv4 and IPv6 Network Services 385 Foundation Topics 386 Dynamic Addressing 386 DHCP 386 SLAAC 389 Name Resolution 390 DNS 391 Hosts File 396 Time Protocols 397 NTP 397 PTP 398 NTS 399 Real-World Case Study 399 Summary 400 Exam Preparation Tasks 400 Chapter 17 Network Access and Management Methods 405 Foundation Topics 406 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 406 IPsec 408 IKE 408 Authentication Header and Encapsulating Security Payload 410 The Five Steps in Setting Up and Tearing Down an IPsec Site-to-Site VPN Using IKEv1 412 IKEv2 413 Other VPN Technologies 413 Other Network Access Technologies 414 Authentication and Authorization Considerations 417 In-Band vs. Out-of-Band Management 418 Real-World Case Study 418 Summary 419 Exam Preparation Tasks 419 Part IV: Network Security Chapter 18 Network Security Concepts 425 Foundation Topics 426 Core Security Concepts 426 Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) 426 Confidentiality 426 Symmetric Encryption 427 Asymmetric Encryption 428 Integrity 430 Availability 431 Threats, Vulnerabilities, Risks, and Exploits 431 Threats 432 Vulnerabilities 432 Risks 433 Exploits 433 Least Privilege 433 Role-Based Access Control 434 Defense in Depth 434 Screened Subnet 435 Separation of Duties 435 Network Access Control 435 Honeypot 435 Network Segmentation Enforcement 436 IoT and IIoT 436 SCADA, ICS, and OT 437 Guest Networks 437 BYOD 437 Authentication Methods 438 Multifactor 438 TACACS+ 439 Single Sign-On 439 RADIUS 439 LDAP 440 Kerberos 440 SAML 441 Time-based Authentication 441 Local Authentication 441 Risk Management and SIEM 441 Risk Management 441 Security Risk Assessments 442 Threat Assessment 442 Vulnerability Assessment 442 Penetration Testing 442 Posture Assessment 442 Business Risk Assessment 442 Process Assessment 443 Vendor Assessment 443 Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) 443 Physical Security 444 Detection Methods 444 Prevention Methods 445 Audits and Regulatory Compliance 447 Real-World Case Study 448 Summary 449 Exam Preparation Tasks 449 Chapter 19 Types of Network Attacks 457 Foundation Topics 458 Technology-Based Attacks 458 Denial-of-Service (DoS) 458 Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) 459 On-Path Attack 459 DNS Poisoning 460 VLAN Hopping 460 ARP Poisoning 460 ARP Spoofing 461 Rogue DHCP 461 Rogue Access Point 461 Evil Twin 461 Ransomware 461 Password Attacks 462 MAC Spoofing 462 MAC Flooding 462 IP Spoofing 463 Deauthentication 463 Malware 463 Social Engineering Attacks 464 Other Miscellaneous Attacks 465 Real-World Case Study 469 Summary 470 Exam Preparation Tasks 470 Chapter 20 Network Security Features 475 Foundation Topics 476 Device Hardening 476 Best Practices 476 Network Access Control (NAC) 480 Other Network Security Features 482 Real-World Case Study 483 Summary 483 Exam Preparation Tasks 484 Part V: Network Troubleshooting Chapter 21 A Network Troubleshooting Methodology 489 Foundation Topics 490 Troubleshooting Basics 490 Troubleshooting Fundamentals 490 Structured Troubleshooting Methodology 492 Real-World Case Study 495 Summary 495 Exam Preparation Tasks 496 Chapter 22 Troubleshoot Common Cabling Problems 501 Foundation Topics 502 Specifications and Limitations 502 Common Cable Issues 502 Common Interface Issues 505 Common Hardware Issues 506 Common Tools 507 Real-World Case Study 511 Summary 512 Exam Preparation Tasks 512 Chapter 23 Troubleshoot Common Issues with Network Services 517 Foundation Topics 518 Considerations for General Network Troubleshooting 518 Common Network Service Issues 519 Real-World Case Study 523 Summary 524 Exam Preparation Tasks 524 Chapter 24 Troubleshoot Common Performance Issues 529 Foundation Topics 530 Network Performance Considerations 530 Wireless Performance Considerations 531 Other Wireless Considerations 533 Antennas 533 Frequencies and Channels 533 More Considerations 534 Common Wireless Issues 534 Wireless Network Troubleshooting 536 Wireless Network Troubleshooting Solution 536 Real-World Case Study 537 Summary 538 Exam Preparation Tasks 538 Chapter 25 Network Troubleshooting Tools 543 Foundation Topics 544 Software Tools 544 Protocol Analyzer/Packet Capture 544 Bandwidth Speed Tester 544 Port Scanner 544 iperf 545 NetFlow Analyzers 546 TFTP Server 546 Terminal Emulator 546 IP Scanner 546 LLDP/CDP 546 Command-Line Tools 547 ping 547 ping with IPv6 549 ipconfig 549 ifconfig 553 ip 554 nslookup 554 dig 556 traceroute 557 traceroute for IPv6 558 arp 558 netstat 560 hostname 562 route 562 telnet 567 tcpdump 567 nmap 567 Basic Networking Device Commands 567 Hardware Tools 568 Wi-Fi Analyzer 568 Tone Generator 569 Cable Tester 569 Tap 569 Visual Fault Locator 569 Real-World Case Study 570 Summary 570 Exam Preparation Tasks 570 Part VI: Final Preparation and Exam Updates Chapter 26 Final Preparation 577 Tools for Final Preparation 577 Video Training 578 Memory Tables 578 End-of-Chapter Review Tools 579 Suggested Plan for Final Review and Study 579 Strategies for Taking the Exam 581 Summary 582 Chapter 27 CompTIA Network+ N10-009 Cert Guide Exam Updates 585 Always Get the Latest at the Book’s Product Page 585 Technical Content 586 Part VII: Appendixes Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 587 Online Elements Appendix B Memory Tables Appendix C Memory Tables Answer Key Appendix D Study Planner Glossary of Key Terms 9780135367889 TOC 10/30/2024

• Computer networking & communications

• Computer certification: CompTia

• Professional & Vocational

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