Introduction xxi Assessment Test xxxv Chapter 1 Network Fundamentals 1 Network Components 2 LANs and SOHOs 2 Routers and Switches 3 Next-Generation Firewalls and IPS 6 Network Topology Architectures 10 The Cisco Three-Layer Hierarchical Model (Three-Tier) 10 Collapsed Core (Two-Tier) 13 Spine-Leaf 14 Wide Area Networks 15 Defining WAN Terms 16 WAN Connection Bandwidth 17 Summary 18 Exam Essentials 18 Written Lab 19 Review Questions 20 Chapter 2 Ethernet Networking 23 Ethernet Networks in Review 24 Collision Domain 25 Broadcast Domains 26 Csma/cd 27 Half- and Full-Duplex Ethernet 29 Ethernet at the Data Link Layer 31 Ethernet at the Physical Layer 37 Ethernet Cabling 40 Categories of Ethernet Cables 41 Straight-Through Cable 42 Crossover Cable 42 Rolled Cable 44 Fiber-Optic 47 Power over Ethernet (802.3af, 802.3at) 48 Summary 48 Exam Essentials 49 Written Labs 50 Written Lab 2.1: Binary/Decimal/Hexadecimal Conversion 50 Written Lab 2.2: CSMA/CD Operations 54 Written Lab 2.3: Cabling 54 Review Questions 55 Chapter 3 Tcp/ip 61 Introducing TCP/IP 62 A Brief History of TCP/IP 62 TCP/IP and the DoD Model 63 The Process/Application Layer Protocols 65 The Host-to-Host or Transport Layer Protocols 74 The Internet Layer Protocols 84 IP Addressing 92 IP Terminology 92 The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme 93 Private IP Addresses (RFC 1918) 98 IPv4 Address Types 99 Layer 2 Broadcasts 100 Layer 3 Broadcasts 100 Unicast Address 101 Multicast Address 102 Summary 103 Exam Essentials 103 Written Labs 105 Written Lab 3.1: TCP/IP 105 Written Lab 3.2: Mapping Applications to the DoD Model 105 Review Questions 107 Chapter 4 Easy Subnetting 111 Subnetting Basics 112 How to Create Subnets 113 Subnet Masks 114 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) 116 IP Subnet-Zero 117 Subnetting Class C Addresses 118 Subnetting Class B Addresses 130 Summary 138 Exam Essentials 139 Written Labs 139 Written Lab 4.1: Written Subnet Practice # 1 139 Written Lab 4.2: Written Subnet Practice # 2 140 Written Lab 4.3: Written Subnet Practice # 3 141 Review Questions 142 Chapter 5 Troubleshooting IP Addressing 147 Endpoint Overview 148 Desktops/Laptops 148 Mobile Phones/Tablets 148 Access Points 149 IP Phones 149 Internet of Things 149 Servers 149 Server Roles 150 Cisco’s Way of Troubleshooting IP 151 Verify IP Parameters for Operating Systems 153 Determining IP Address Problems 154 Summary 159 Exam Essentials 159 Written Lab 160 Review Questions 161 Chapter 6 Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System (IOS) 163 The IOS User Interface 164 Cisco IOS 165 Connecting to a Cisco IOS Device 165 Bringing Up a Switch 167 Command-Line Interface 167 Entering the cli 168 Overview of Router Modes 168 cli Prompts 169 Editing and Help Features 171 Administrative Configurations 176 Hostnames 177 Banners 177 Setting Passwords 179 Encrypting Your Passwords 185 Descriptions 187 Router and Switch Interfaces 189 Bringing Up an Interface 192 Viewing, Saving, and Erasing Configurations 198 Deleting the Configuration and Reloading the Device 200 Verifying Your Configuration 200 Summary 213 Exam Essentials 214 Written Lab 217 Review Questions 218 Chapter 7 Managing a Cisco Internetwork 223 The Internal Components of a Cisco Router and Switch 224 The Router and Switch Boot Sequence 225 Backing Up and Restoring the Cisco Configuration 226 Backing Up the Cisco Configuration 227 Restoring the Cisco Configuration 229 Erasing the Configuration 230 Configuring DHCP 230 DHCP Relay 232 Verifying DHCP on Cisco IOS 233 Using Telnet 233 Telnetting into Multiple Devices Simultaneously 235 Checking Telnet Connections 236 Checking Telnet Users 236 Closing Telnet Sessions 236 Resolving Hostnames 237 Building a Host Table 237 Using DNS to Resolve Names 239 Checking Network Connectivity and Troubleshooting 241 Using the ping Command 241 Using the traceroute Command 242 Debugging 243 Using the show processes Command 245 Summary 246 Exam Essentials 246 Written Labs 248 Written Lab 7.1: IOS Management 248 Written Lab 7.2: Router Memory 249 Review Questions 250 Chapter 8 Managing Cisco Devices 255 Managing the Configuration Register 256 Understanding the Configuration Register Bits 256 Checking the Current Configuration Register Value 258 Boot System Commands 259 Recovering Passwords 260 Backing Up and Restoring the Cisco IOS 263 Verifying Flash Memory 264 Backing Up the Cisco IOS 265 Restoring or Upgrading the Cisco Router IOS 266 Using the Cisco IOS File System (Cisco IFS) 269 Licensing 273 Right-To-Use Licenses (Evaluation Licenses) 276 Backing Up and Uninstalling the License 278 Summary 280 Exam Essentials 280 Written Lab 281 Written Lab 8.1: IOS Management 281 Review Questions 283 Chapter 9 IP Routing 287 Routing Basics 289 The IP Routing Process 291 The Cisco Router Internal Process 297 Testing Your IP Routing Understanding 298 Configuring IP Routing 302 Corp Configuration 303 SF Configuration 305 LA Configuration 309 Configuring IP Routing in Our Network 311 Static Routing 312 Default Routing 317 Dynamic Routing 320 Routing Protocol Basics 321 Routing Information Protocol 323 Configuring RIP Routing 323 Holding Down RIP Propagations 327 Summary 329 Exam Essentials 329 Written Lab 330 Review Questions 332 Chapter 10 Open Shortest Path First 337 Open Shortest Path First Basics 338 OSPF Terminology 341 OSPF Operation 343 Configuring OSPF 345 Enabling OSPF 345 Configuring OSPF Areas 346 Configuring Our Network with OSPF 349 OSPF and Loopback Interfaces 353 Configuring Loopback Interfaces 354 Verifying OSPF Configuration 357 The show ip ospf Command 357 The show ip ospf database Command 359 The show ip ospf interface Command 359 The show ip ospf neighbor Command 361 The show ip protocols Command 362 Summary 362 Exam Essentials 363 Written Lab 363 Review Questions 364 Chapter 11 Enhanced IGRP 371 EIGRP Features and Operations 372 Neighbor Discovery 373 Reliable Transport Protocol 378 Diffusing Update Algorithm 379 Route Discovery and Maintenance 380 Configuring EIGRP 381 VLSM Support and Summarization 383 Controlling EIGRP Traffic 387 Split Horizon 397 Verifying and Troubleshooting EIGRP 399 Troubleshooting Example with EIGRP 405 EIGRPv 6 415 Summary 421 Exam Essentials 421 Written Lab 422 Review Questions 423 Chapter 12 Layer 2 Switching 431 Switching Services 432 Three Switch Functions at Layer 2 433 Port Security 437 Configuring Catalyst Switches 442 Catalyst Switch Configuration 442 Verifying Cisco Catalyst Switches 450 Summary 452 Exam Essentials 453 Written Lab 453 Review Questions 454 Chapter 13 VLANs and Inter-VLAN Routing 459 VLAN Basics 460 Broadcast Control 463 Security 464 Flexibility and Scalability 464 Identifying VLANs 465 Frame Tagging 467 VLAN Identification Methods 468 Routing Between VLANs 469 Configuring VLANs 472 Assigning Switch Ports to VLANs 475 Configuring Trunk Ports 477 Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing 480 Summary 487 Exam Essentials 487 Written Lab 488 Review Questions 489 Chapter 14 Cloud and Virtual Private Networks 495 Virtual Private Networks 496 Benefits of VPNs 498 Enterprise and Provider Managed VPN’s 498 Introduction to Cisco IOS IPsec 501 IPsec Transforms 501 GRE Tunnels 504 GRE over IPsec 505 Configuring GRE Tunnels 506 Verifying GRE Tunnels 508 Cloud Models 510 Cloud Computing and Its Effect on the Enterprise Network 510 Private Clouds/On-Premises 513 Public Clouds 513 Summary 515 Exam Essentials 515 Written Lab 516 Review Questions 517 Chapter 15 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 521 AI Overview 522 AI Categories 523 Performance Capabilities 523 Functional Categories 524 AI Architectures 528 AI Subsets 535 Machine Learning 536 Expert Systems 536 Natural Language Processing 537 Computer Vision 538 How Machines Learn 540 Supervised Learning 540 Unsupervised Learning 541 Generative AI 543 Large Language Models 544 Hallucinations 544 Data Sovereignty 546 GenAI Offerings 547 ChatGPT 547 Co-Pilot 547 Llama 548 Strategies 550 Prompt Engineering 550 Retrieval-Augmented Generation 553 GenAI for Network Engineers 554 Research and Study 555 Troubleshooting Assistance 555 Configuration Templates 555 Summary 557 Exam Essentials 559 Written Lab 559 Review Questions 560 Appendix A Answers to the Written Labs 565 Chapter 1: Network Fundamentals 566 Chapter 2: Ethernet Networking 566 Written Lab 2.1: Binary/Decimal/Hexadecimal Conversion Answer 566 Written Lab 2.2: CSMA/CD Operations Answer 568 Written Lab 2.3: Cabling Answer 568 Chapter 3: Tcp/ip 568 Written Lab 3.1: TCP/IP 568 Written Lab 3.2: Mapping Applications to the DoD Model 569 Chapter 4: Easy Subnetting 569 Written Lab 4.1: Written Subnet Practice # 1 569 Written Lab 4.2: Written Subnet Practice # 2 570 Written Lab 4.3: Written Subnet Practice # 3 571 Chapter 5: Troubleshooting IP Addressing 571 Chapter 6: Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System (IOS) 571 Chapter 7: Managing a Cisco Internetwork 572 Written Lab 7.1: IOS Management 572 Written Lab 7.2: Router Memory 572 Chapter 8: Managing Cisco Devices 573 Written Lab 8.1: IOS Management 573 Chapter 9: IP Routing 573 Chapter 10: Open Shortest Path First 574 Chapter 11: Enhanced IGRP 574 Chapter 12: Layer 2 Switching 574 Chapter 13: VLANs and Inter- VLAN Routing 574 Chapter 14: Cloud and Virtual Private Networks 575 Chapter 15: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 576 Appendix B Answers to the Review Questions 579 Chapter 1: Network Fundamentals 580 Chapter 2: Ethernet Networking 580 Chapter 3: Tcp/ip 583 Chapter 4: Easy Subnetting 584 Chapter 5: Troubleshooting IP Addressing 585 Chapter 6: Cisco’s Internetworking Operating System (IOS) 586 Chapter 7: Managing a Cisco Internetwork 588 Chapter 8: Managing Cisco Devices 590 Chapter 9: IP Routing 591 Chapter 10: Open Shortest Path First 593 Chapter 11: Enhanced IGRP 595 Chapter 12: Layer 2 Switching 597 Chapter 13: VLANs and Inter- VLAN Routing 599 Chapter 14: Cloud and Virtual Private Networks 600 Chapter 15: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 602 Index 605

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