This Research Handbook provides a rigorous analysis of cyberwarfare, a widely misunderstood field of contemporary conflict and geopolitical competition. Gathering insights from leading scholars and practitioners, it examines the actors involved in cyberwarfare, their objectives and strategies, and scrutinises the impact of cyberwarfare in a world dependent on connectivity.
The Research Handbook on Cyberwarfare interrogates cyberwarfare as a form of military intelligence statecraft that seeks to exploit digital systems for operational and strategic advantage. Chapter authors address cyberwarfare in its conceptual, historical, operational and strategic dimensions, and explore the application of international law, norms, ethics and arms control to this area of conflict. They pose crucial questions about the utility of cyberwarfare and its effects on society and citizens, establishing foundations for future research on the topic as a fact of international life.
Providing rich detail in an accessible and understandable manner, this Research Handbook is a vital resource for scholars and researchers of cyber conflict, international relations, and security studies. Its practical elements will also appeal to military and intelligence practitioners, as well as those interested in how cyberwarfare can be regulated to ameliorate its effects on society.
Contents
1 Introduction to the Research Handbook on Cyberwarfare 1
Tim Stevens and Joe Devanny
PART I CONCEPTUALIZING AND INVESTIGATING CYBERWARFARE
2 War by any other name: a short history of the idea of cyberwarfare in
the United States 15
Sean Lawson
3 Conceptualizing cyberwarfare 34
Stéphane Taillat
4 Cyberwarfare research methods 52
Miguel Albert Gomez, Grace B. Mueller, Ryan Shandler, Brandon Valeriano and
Christopher Whyte
5 Reporting on cyberwarfare: a conversation 67
Alexander Martin, Joe Tidy, Kim Zetter, Joe Devanny and Tim Stevens
PART II CYBERWARFARE ACTORS AND INSTITUTIONS
6 Military cybercapacity: measures, drivers and effects 80
Nadiya Kostyuk and Evgenia Sidorova
7 Cyber intelligence: method or target? 98
Aaron Brantly
8 The meaning of cyberwarfare in Brazil 115
Luiz Rogério Franco Goldoni, Karina Furtado Rodrigues, Breno Pauli
Medeiros and Joe Devanny
9 Cyber proxies: covert state–non-state interactions in cyberwarfare 131
Janine Schmoldt
10 Private authority and the political economy of private companies in
cybersecurity crises and conflicts 148
Louise Marie Hurel
11 Civil society in cyberwarfare: hack-and-leaks, attribution and mobilization 167
James Shires
PART III CYBERWARFARE OPERATIONS AND STRATEGY
12 Offensive cyber capabilities 184
J.D. Work
13 Do we need an effects-based approach for cyber operations? 205
Paul Withers
14 Deception in cyberwarfare 223
Simon Henderson
15 Cyber coercion as a tool of statecraft: how often, how effective? 247
Quentin E. Hodgson
16 Understanding cyber escalation: amplifiers and dampeners of conflict 261
Jason Healey and Virpratap Vikram Singh
17 Countering non-state actors in cyberspace 280
Jamie MacColl and Tim Stevens
18 Territory, sovereignty and boundaries in digital battlespace 301
Jordan Branch
PART IV CYBERWARFARE GOVERNANCE
19 Cyberwarfare and international law 317
Russell Buchan and Nicholas Tsagourias
20 Cyber arms control and counter proliferation: the limits of the possible 335
Joe Devanny and Grant Christopher
21 Moral maze: ethics for cyber weapon systems 352
Elke Schwarz
22 Cyberwarfare norms and the attribution imperative: shaping responsible
state behaviour in cyberspace 371
Gil Baram and Noya Peer
23 Postscript: Reflections and future directions for research and practice on
cyber in competition, crisis and armed conflict 390
Emily O. Goldman
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