Written by a respected science educator and advocate for women and girls in STEM fields, this one-stop resource provides a rich overview of efforts to provide women and girls with greater access to educational and career opportunities in traditionally male-dominated STEM fields.
Since the passage of Title IX, the numbers of American women working in STEM fields have increased, particularly in the social and biological sciences. Nonetheless, women continue to be underrepresented in STEM disciplines, accounting for less than a third of the current STEM workforce. When the intersection of sociocultural factors such as race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic background are examined alongside gender, some demographic groups of women continue to lag in terms of representation in all STEM fields. The reasons cited for this continued state of affairs remain hotly debated, even as efforts intensify to break down longstanding gender barriers and bring women and girls into the worlds of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.
Women and Girls in STEM Fields provides wide-ranging, complementary coverage of every aspect of the issue, from the historical barriers that confronted generations of American women and girls interested in pursuing careers in various STEM disciplines to the laws and movements that dismantle some of those obstacles. Features include smartly organized chapters on major trends, issues, debates, and historical moments; carefully selected profiles of the key organizations and individuals that have shaped discussions of this subject in Washington, D.C. and across the USA; a suite of original essays from educators, scholars, and women writing about their firsthand experiences in today's STEM world.
Preface
1. Background and History
Introduction
STEM and Modern Society
Current STEM Workforce
Diversity of STEM Careers
Women and the STEM Workforce
Recent Increase in STEM Workforce
Increasing Need for STEM in Society
Importance of Girls’ and Women’s Voice in STEM
Background Needed for STEM Careers
History of Women and Girls in STEM
Brief History of Girls and STEM Education in the United States
Feminism and Historical Attempts to Elevate Girls and Women in STEM
Policy Response to Gender Disparities in STEM Education
The Importance of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
Brief Survey of Women in STEM throughout History
Conclusion
References
2. Problems, Controversies, and Solutions
Introduction
The STEM Gender Gap
Patterns of Participation in STEM in the United States
Lack of Women of Color in STEM
Global Patterns of Participation in STEM
Gender Parity does not Equate Parity in STEM
Implications of Women’s Low Participation in STEM
Notion of the Leaky STEM Pipeline
Prepared for STEM but Not Choosing STEM
Performance on STEM-Related Achievement Measures
Course Completion and Post-Secondary Degree Attainment
Girls’ Attitudes Towards STEM
Barriers to Girls’ Progress in STEM Education
Lack of Early Exposure to STEM
Lack of Representation in STEM Curriculum
Presentation of STEM Subjects in School
Gender Bias in School and Society
Barriers to Women’s Progress in STEM Careers
Lack of Role Models in STEM
Unfavorable Work Environments in STEM
Possible Solutions,
Promote Awareness of Girls’ and Women’s Ability in STEM
Improve Elementary and Secondary STEM Education
Increase Access to Role Models in STEM
Improve STEM Work Environments
Conclusion
References
3. Perspectives
Introduction
"Math as a Tool for Belonging in High School" - Dr. Kiran Purohit
“Change the Story: Where would you be without Opportunities?” - Tia Singh
“The Problem with Telling Girls They can be Anything They Want When They Grow Up” - Lauren Johnson
“Black in the Ivory Tower: A Black Girl’s Survival Guide for Academia” - Dr. Adrienne George
“The Psychology of Being a Latina STEM Major” - Ligia Gonzalez
“You’re Not Alone! Finding Social Support in Male-Dominated Fields” - Dr. Kanan Patel-Coleman
4. Profiles
Introduction
Organizations
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) IF/THEN Ambassadors
The American Association of University Women (AAUW)
Association for Women in Computing (AWC)
Association for Women in Science (AWIS)
Association for Women in Math (AWM
Bridge to Enter Advanced Mathematics
Black Girls Code
Brookhaven Women in Science (BWIS)
Building Engineering & Science Talent (BEST)
Caucus for Women in Statistics
Committee on the Advancement of Women Chemists (COACH)
Committee on the Status of Women in Astronomy
EDGE: A Program for Women in Mathematics
Girls Excelling in Math and Science (GEMS)
Girlstart
Girls Who Code
Graduate Women in Science
I Am a Scientist
Latinas in STEM
National Girls Collaborative Project
National Math and Science Initiative
The Scientista Foundation Inc.
Sea Change
Shine for Girls
SISTER
Society of Women Engineers
1000 Girls, 1000 Futures
UNESCO Girls’ and Women’s Education in STEM
Women in Ocean Science
Women in STEM
People
Frances Arnold, PhD (1956-)
Deborah Berebichez
Dana Bolles
Syvlia A Earle, PhD (1935-)
Victoria Herrmann, PhD
Lataisia Jones, PhD
Aisha K Lawrey (1977-)
Shirley Malcolm, PhD (1946-)
Reshma Saujani (1975-)
Rae Wynn-Grant, PhD (1985-)
5. Data and Documents
Introduction
Data
Figure 5.1. National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) STEM-related scores 2009-2019
Figure 5.2 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) science and math scores for United States 2007-2019
Figure 5.3 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) science and math scales for United States (students aged 15) 2009-2018
Figure 5.4 Advanced Placement exams taken in sciences, math and computer science 2021
Figure 5.5 Undergraduate enrollment in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors fall 2020
Figure 5.6 Bachelor’s degrees awarded in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) 2011-2019
Figure 5.7 Master’s degrees awarded in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) 2011-2019
Figure 5.8 Doctoral degrees awarded in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) 2011-2019
Figure 5.9 Science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) workforce in the United States 2019
Figure 5.10 Women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) workforce in the United States 2019
Documents
National Defense Education Act (1958)
Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 (1972)
A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform (1983)
Race to the Top Program Executive Summary (2009)
The Common Core State Standards (Mathematics) (2010)
Next Generation Science Standards: For States, By States (2013)
Patsy T. Mink and Louise M. Slaughter Gender Equity in Education Act of 2021 (2021)
6. Resources
Introduction
Books
Articles and Reports
Journals and Magazines
Online Forums and Resources
Non-Print Sources
7. Chronology
Glossary
Index
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