CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE PART I DIGITALIZATION OF PIPELINES 1 Digital Future of Pipeline Integrity Gaurav Singh 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Digital Integrity Framework 1.3 Fast Forward Digital Future Technologies 1.4 Technology Transition with Energy Transition References 2 Cybersecurity and Safety Implications of Pipelines Ben Miller and Jason Christopher 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Defining Industrial Cybersecurity 2.3 The Industrial Cybersecurity Challenge 2.4 Industrial Intrusion Case Studies – A Short History 2.5 Industrial Cybersecurity Considerations for Pipeline Operations 2.6 The Five ICS Cybersecurity Critical Controls 2.7 Getting Started:  Common High-Impact Scenarios for Pipeline Operations 2.8 Conclusion References 3 Practical Applications of Machine Learning to Pipeline Integrity Michael Gloven 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Machine Learning Fundamentals 3.3 Supervised Learning - Classification 3.4  Supervised Learning – Regression 3.5 Unsupervised Learning 3.6 Final Thoughts 3.7 Summary References Bibliography 4 Pipeline Corrosion Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning Khairul Chowdhury, Binder Singh, and Shahidullah Kawsar 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Background 4.3 Analysis Tool: Automated Predictive Analytics Computation Systems 4.4 Problem Example: Predicting Failure by External and Internal Corrosion 4.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References PART II DESIGN 5 CO2 Pipeline Transportation: Managing the Safe Repurposing of Vintage Pipelines in a Low-Carbon Economy Daniel Sandana 5.1 Introduction 5.2 CCUS: An Enabler of Decarbonization 5.3 Transportation of CO2 by Pipeline: Operations 5.4 CO2 Pipeline Transportation: Key Integrity Challenges 5.5 Managing the Safe Repurposing of Vintage Pipelines References 6 Pipeline Integrity Management Systems (PIMS) Katherine Jonsson, Ray Goodfellow, Douglas Evans, and Chitman Lutchman 6.1 Introduction 6.2  Lessons Learned and the Evolution of Pipeline Integrity 6.3 Regulatory Requirements 6.4 What is a PIMS? 6.5 Core Structure and PIMS Elements 6.6 PIMS Function Map 6.7 Plan: Strategic and Operational 6.8 Do: Execute 6.9 Check:  Assurance and Verification 6.10 Act: Management Review 6.11 Culture 6.12 Summary References 7 SCADA:  Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Rumi Mohammad, Ian Verhappen, and Ramin Vali 7.1 Introduction 7.2 SCADA Computer Servers 7.3 SCADA Computer Workstations 7.4 Hierarchy 7.5 Runtime and Configuration Databases 7.6 Fault Tolerance 7.7 Redundancy 7.8 High Availability 7.9 Human Factors Design in SCADA Systems 7.10 Alarm Rationalization, Management, and Analysis 7.11 Incident Review and Replay 7.12 Data Quality 7.13 Operator Logbook and Shift Handover 7.14 Training 7.15 SCADA Security 7.16 Cybersecurity 7.17 SCADA Standards 7.18 Pipeline Industry Applications 7.19 Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence 7.20 Communication Media 7.21 Communications Infrastructure 7.22 Communications Integrity 7.23 RTUs and PLCs 7.24 Database 7.25 User-Defined Programs 7.26 RTU/PLC Integrity 7.27 Safety Systems 7.28 IOT/IIOT 7.29 Electrical Classification Compliance Acronyms, Abbreviations, Terms Bibliography 8 Material Selection for Fracture Control William Tyson 8.1  Overview of Fracture Control 8.2 Toughness Requirements: Initiation 8.3 Toughness Requirements: Propagation 8.4 Toughness Measurement 8.5 Current Status References 9 Strain-Based Design of Pipelines Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi 9.1 Introduction and Basic Concepts 9.2  Strain Demand 9.3  Strain Capacity 9.4  Role of Full-Scale and Curved Wide Plate Testing 9.5  Summary References 10 Stress-Based Design of Pipelines Mavis Sika Okyere 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Design Pressure 10.3 Design Factor 10.4  Determination of Components of Stress 10.5  Fatigue 10.6  Expansion and Flexibility 10.7  Corrosion Allowance 10.8  Pipeline Stiffness 10.9  Pipeline Ovality  10.10  Minimum Pipe Bend Radius 10.11  Pipeline Design for External Pressure 10.12 Check for Hydrotest Conditions 10.13  Summary Appendix 10.A: Case Study References 11 Spiral Welded Pipes for Shallow Offshore Applications Ayman Eltaher 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Limitations of the Technology Feasibility 11.3 Challenges of Offshore Applications 11.4 Typical Pipe Properties 11.5 Technology Qualification 11.6 Additional Resources 11.7 Summary References 12 Residual Stress in Pipelines Douglas Hornbach and Paul Prevéy 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The Influence of Residual Stresses on Performance 12.3 Residual Stress Measurement 12.4 Control and Alteration of Residual Stresses 12.5 Case Studies of the Effect of Residual Stress and Cold Work References 13 Pipeline/Soil Interaction Modeling in Support of Pipeline Engineering Design and Integrity Shawn Kenny and Paul Jukes 13.1 Introduction 13.2  Site Characterization and Geotechnical Engineering in Relation to Pipeline System Response Analysis 13.3 Pipeline/Soil Interaction Analysis and Design Acknowledgments References 14 Human Factors Lorna Harron 14.1 Introduction 14.2 What Is “Human Factors”? 14.3 The Human in the System 14.4 Life Cycle Approach to Human Factors 14.5 Human Factors and Decision Making 14.6 Application of Human Factors Guidance 14.7 Heuristics and Biases in Decision Making 14.8 Human Factors Contribution to Incidents in the Pipeline Industry 14.9 Human Factors Life Cycle Revisited 14.10 Tools and Methods 14.11 Summary References Bibliography PART III NONMETALLIC PIPELINES 15 Nonmetallic Composite Pipelines Niels Grigat, Stephan Koß, Ben Vollbrecht, Tim Mölling, Johannes Henrich Schleifenbaum, and Thomas Gries 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Materials 15.3 Manufacturing 15.4 Applications 15.5 Conclusion References PART IV MANUFACTURE, FABRICATION, AND CONSTRUCTION 16 Microstructure and Texture Development in Pipeline Steels Roumen H. Petrov, John J. Jonas, Leo A.I. Kestens, and J. Malcolm Gray 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Short History of Pipeline Steel Development 16.3 Texture Control in Pipeline Steels 16.4 Effect of Texture on In-Plane Anisotropy 16.5 Summary Acknowledgments References 17 Pipe Manufacture—Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welded Large Diameter Pipe Christoph Kalwa 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Manufacturing Process 17.3 Quality Control Procedures 17.4 Range of Grades and Dimensions 17.5 Typical Fields of Application 18 Pipe Manufacture – Spiral Pipe Franz Martin Knoop 18.1 Manufacturing Process 18.2 Quality Control Procedures 18.3 Range of Grades and Dimensions 18.4 Typical Fields of Applicability References 19 Pipe Manufacture—Seamless Tube and Pipe Rolf Kümmerling and Klaus Kraemer 19.1 The Rolling Process 19.2 Further Processing References 20 Design of Steels for Large Diameter Sour Service Pipelines Nobuyuki Ishikawa 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Hydrogen-Induced Cracking of Linepipe Steel and Evaluation Method 20.3 Material Design of Linepipe Steel with HIC Resistance 20.4  Material Design of Linepipe Steel with SSC Resistance under Severe Sour Conditions References 21 Pipeline Welding from the Perspective of Safety and Integrity David Dorling and James Gianetto 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Construction Welding Applications 21.2.1 Double-Joint Welding 21.2.2 Mainline Welding 21.2.3 Tie-In and Repair Welding 21.3 Non-destructive Inspection and Flaw Assessment 21.4 Welding Procedure and Welder Qualification 21.5 Hydrogen Control in Welds and the Prevention of Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking 21.6 Important Considerations for Qualifying Welding Procedures to a Strain-Based Design 21.7 Welding on In-Service Pipelines 21.8  Pipeline Incidents and Recent Industry and Regulatory Preventative Action Appendix 21.A: Abbreviations Used in This Chapter Appendix 21.B: Regulations, Codes, and Standards Acknowledgements References 22 The Effect of Installation on Offshore Pipeline Integrity Robert O’Grady 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Installation Methods and Pipeline Behaviour During Installation 22.3 Critical Factors Governing Installation 22.4 Installation Analysis and Design Methodologies 22.5 Monitoring the Installation Process Offshore 22.6 Implications of Deeper Water on Installation Reference Bibliography PART V THREATS TO INTEGRITY AND SAFETY 23 Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC): Causes and Mechanisms Aisha H. Al-Moubaraki and Ime Bassey Obot 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Fundamentals of TLC References 24 Management of Geohazard Loading during Pipeline Operation Andy Young 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Nature of Hazards 24.3 Regulations on Geohazard Management 24.4 Geohazards Management Plan 24.5 Hazard Identification 24.6 Hazard Evaluation 24.7 Hazard Mitigation References 25 Climate Change, Pipeline Corrosion, and Integrity Management Binder Singh 25.1 Introduction 25.2 ALARP Factor 25.3 Natural or Man-Made? 25.4 Engineering Steel and Infrastructure 25.5 Reasons for Optimism 25.6 Discussion and Closing Remarks Caveat and Acknowledgements Appendix 25.A Acronyms, Definitions, and Criteria Appendix 25.B Main Corrosion Terms: Modes and Mechanisms References Bibliography 26 External Corrosion of Pipelines in Soil Homero Castaneda, Hui Wang, and Omar Rosas 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Background 26.3 Critical Factors of Soil Corrosivity that Affect Pipelines 26.4 Identifying Corrosive Environments 26.5 Cathodic Protection and Stray Currents 26.6 Monitoring and Inspection for Corrosion Characterization under Multiscale Conditions References 27 Knowledge- and Data-Driven External Corrosion Modeling in Pipelines Hui Wang, Homero Castaneda, and Sreelakshmi Sreeharan 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Background 27.3 Model Framework and Theory 27.4 Model Application 27.5 Limitations of the Approach 27.6 Conclusion References 28 Electrochemical Noise to Monitor Corrosion of a Coated Metal Sarah Leeds 28.1 Introduction 28.1.1 Protective Coatings 28.1.2 History of Electrochemical Noise 28.1.3 What is Electrochemical Noise? 28.2 Electrochemical Noise Method 28.3 Applications of ECN 28.3.1 Examples of the Application of Electrochemical Noise Acknowledgments References 29 Telluric Influence on Pipelines David H. Boteler and Larisa Trichtchenko 29.1 Introduction 29.2  Review of the Existing Knowledge on Pipeline-Telluric Interference 29.3 Geomagnetic Sources of Telluric Activity 29.4 Earth Resistivity Influence on Telluric Activity 29.5 Pipeline Response to Telluric Electric Fields 29.6 Telluric Hazard Assessment 29.7 Mitigation/Compensation of Telluric Effects 29.8 Knowledge Gaps/Open Questions 29.9 Summary Acknowledgments References 30 Factors Controlling Stress Corrosion Cracking and Typical Growth Rates B N Leis 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Research Concerning the Factors Controlling SCC 30.3 Factors Controlling SCC – Service vs Laboratory Cracking 30.4 Quantifying a Bathtub Speed-Life Curve for High-pH SCC 30.5 Emergence of NN-pH SCC: Its Traits vs High-pH SCC 30.6 Industry Guidance on Crack Speed and the Incidence of SCC 30.6.2 Where and When SCC Might Be Anticipated 30.7 Interface between Integrity and Condition Assessment 30.8 Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 31 Processes for High-pH and Near-Neutral-pH Stress Corrosion Cracking B N Leis 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Imaging SCC and Related Observations 31.3 Compendium of SCC Images:  Observations and Discussion 31.4 Crack Initiation and Growth Behavior on Pipelines   31.5 Summary and Key Conclusions Acknowledgments References 32 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Jason S. Lee and Brenda J. Little 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Materials 32.3 Microorganisms 32.4 Internal Corrosion of Pipelines 32.5 External Corrosion of Pipelines 32.6 Conclusions References 33 Progression of Pitting Corrosion and Structural Reliability of Welded Steel Pipelines Robert E. Melchers 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Asset Management and Prediction 33.3 Pitting 33.4 Model for Long-Term Growth in Pit Depth 33.5 Factors Influencing Maximum Pit Depth Development 33.6 Structural Reliability 33.7  Extreme Value Analysis for Maximum Pit Depth 33.8 Pitting at Welds 33.9 Case Study—Water Injection Pipelines 33.10 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References 34 Mechanical Damage in Pipelines: A Review of the Methods and Improvements in Characterization, Evaluation, and Mitigation Ming Gao and Ravi Krishnamurthy 34.1 Introduction 34.2  Dent Formation Process and Types of Dents 34.3 In-Line-Inspection (ILI) Technologies for Mechanical Damage Characterization 34.4 Technologies for In-Ditch Mechanical Damage Characterization 34.5 Assessment of Severity of Mechanical Damage 34.6 Mitigation and Repairs 34.7 Continued Challenges References 35 Sulfide Stress Cracking Russell D. Kane 35.1 Introduction 35.2 What Is Sulfide Stress Cracking? 35.3 Basics of Sulfide Stress Cracking in Pipelines 35.4 Comparison of SSC to Other Sour Cracking Mechanisms 35.5 Influence of Environmental Variables on SSC 35.6 Influence of Metallurgical Variables on SSC in Steels 35.7 Use of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys to Resist SSC References 36 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Steel Equipment in Ethanol Service Russell D. Kane 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Factors Affecting Susceptibility to Ethanol SCC 36.3 Occurrences and Consequences of eSCC 36.4 Guidelines for Identification, Mitigation, and Repair of eSCC 36.5 Path Forward References Bibliography of Additional eSCC Papers 37 AC Corrosion Lars Vendelbo Nielsen 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Basic Understanding 37.3 AC Corrosion Risk Assessment and Management References Bibliography 38 Erosion–Corrosion in Oil and Gas Pipelines Siamack A. Shirazi, Brenton S. McLaury, John R. Shadley, Kenneth P. Roberts, Edmund F. Rybicki, Hernan E. Rincon, Shokrollah Hassani, Faisal M. Al-Mutahar, and Gusai H. Al-Aithan 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Solid Particle Erosion 38.3 Erosion–Corrosion of Carbon Steel Piping in a CO2 Environment with Sand 38.4 Erosion–Corrosion Modeling and Characterization of Iron Carbonate Erosivity 38.5  Erosion–Corrosion of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys 38.6 Chemical Inhibition of Erosion–Corrosion 38.7 Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 39 Black Powder in Oil and Gas Pipelines Abdelmounam M. Sherik 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Impacts on Operations and Customers 39.3 Internal Corrosion of Sales Gas Transmission Pipelines 39.4 Analysis Techniques 39.5 Black Powder Movement 39.6 Erosive Properties of Black Powder 39.7 Black Powder Management Methods 39.9 Guidance on Handling and Disposal of Black Powder 39.10 Solutions 39.11 Summary Acknowledgments References PART VI PROTECTION 40 Mitigating Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC) Using Corrosion Inhibitors: Types and Application Methods Aisha H. Al-Moubaraki and Ime Bassey Obot 40.1 Introduction 40.2 Inhibitors Used to Mitigate TLC 40.3 Application Methods for Corrosion Inhibitors under TLC Conditions References 41 External Coatings Doug Waslen 41.1 Introduction and Background 41.2 Coating Performance 41.3 Product Testing 41.4 Standards and Application Specification 41.5 Field-Applied Coatings 41.6 Coating Types and Application Reference  42 Thermoplastic Liners For Oilfield Pipelines James F.  Mason 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Codes and Standards 42.3 The Installation Process 42.4 Important Mechanical Design Aspects 42.5 Liner Materials 42.6 Operating a Pipeline with a Liner 42.7 Lined Pipeline Systems—Application Examples References 43 Cathodic Protection Sarah Leeds 43.1 Introduction 43.2 Historical Foundation of Cathodic Protection 43.3 Fundamentals of Cathodic Protection 43.4 How Cathodic Protection Is Applied 43.5 Design Principles of Cathodic Protection 43.6 Protective Coatings and Cathodic Protection 43.7 Monitoring Cathodic Protection Systems 43.8 Cathodic Protection Criteria References PART VII INSPECTION AND MONITORING 44 Using Cathodic Protection for Real-Time Detection of Mechanical Damage and Interference Gérard Huss, Carine Lacroix, Éric Parizot, and David Xu 44.1 Introduction 44.2 Background 44.3 Testing Procedure and Process 44.4 Real-Time Detection of an Electrical Short between a Pipeline and Its Casing 44.5 Real-Time Detection of Mechanical Aggression on a Pipeline 44.6 Real-Time Detection of a Lightning Strike 44.7 Discussion References 45 Airborne LiDAR for Pipeline Inspection and Leak Detection Ashwin Yerasi 45.1 Introduction 45.2  LiDAR Measurements 45.3  Wavelength Bands 45.4  Operational Techniques 45.5 Ancillary Components 45.6 Inspection Report 45.7 LiDAR Developments for Natural Gas Pipeline Leak Surveillance Appendix 45.A: Abbreviations Used in This Chapter References 46 3D-Geolocalization by Magnetometry Using UAS: A Novel Method for Buried Pipeline Mapping and Bending Strain Assessment Mehdi M. LAICHOUBI, Hamza KELLA BENNANI, Ludovic Berthelot, Vincent BENET, Miaohang HU, Michel PINET, and Samir TAKILLAH 46.1 Introduction 46.2 3D-Localisation and Depth of Cover Assessment 46.3 Materials and Methods 46.4 Case Study and Operating Procedure 46.5 Performance of the 3D-Localisation 46.6 Generalized Study on Eight GRTgaz Pipeline Spots 46.7 Bending Strain Assessment 46.8 Drone-Based Bending Strain (DBBS) Case Study 46.9 Conclusion References 47 Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors for Pipeline Inspection and Monitoring Nageswara Lalam and Ruishu Wright 47.1 Introduction 47.2 Distributed Strain and Temperature Sensing (DSTS) 47.3 Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) 47.4 Distributed Chemical Sensing for Corrosion and Corrosivity Monitoring 47.5 Challenges and Opportunities 47.6 Conclusion References 48 Direct Assessment John A. Beavers, Lynsay A. Bensman, and Angel R. Kowalski 48.1 Introduction 48.2 External Corrosion DA (ECDA) 48.3 Stress Corrosion Cracking DA (SCCDA) 48.4 Internal Corrosion DA (ICDA) References 49 Internal Corrosion Monitoring Using Coupons and ER Probes Daniel E. Powell 49.1 Introduction—Corrosion Monitoring Using Coupons and ER Probes 49.2 Corrosion Coupons and Electrical Resistance Corrosion Probes 49.3 Placing Corrosion Monitoring Coupons or Electronic Probes within Pipelines 49.4 Monitoring Results “Drive” Chemical Treatment and Maintenance Pigging Programs 49.5 Relative Sensitivities of NDT versus Internal Corrosion Monitoring Techniques 49.6  Seek Consistency between Internal Corrosion Monitoring and NDT Results  - Confirm Trends 49.7  Look for Consistency: Fluid Sample Analysis Should Complement and Verify Monitoring Results 49.8 Summary 49.9 Definitions of Corrosion Monitoring Terms from NACE 3T199 © NACE International 2012 References 50 In-Line Inspection (ILI) (“Intelligent Pigging”) Neb I. Uzelac 50.1 Introduction 50.2 Place of ILI in Pipeline Integrity Management 50.3 Running ILI Tools 50.4 Types of ILI Tools and Their Purpose 50.5 Utilizing ILI Data/Verification 50.6 Integrating ILI Data Appendix 50.A: Sample Pipeline Inspection Questionnaire (Nonmandatory) References Bibliography: Journals, Conferences and Other Sources with ILI Related Content 51 Inspection of Offshore Pipelines Konrad Reber 51.1 The Inspection Challenge in Offshore Pipelines 51.2 Internal Inspection of Offshore Pipelines 51.3 External Inspection Methods for Subsea Pipelines 51.4 Inspection of Risers 51.5 Conclusions References 52 Tethered Inspection of Riser System for Wall Thickness and Cracks A. Enters, T.-S. Kristiansen, and U. Schneider 52.1 Introduction 52.2 Tethered Tool Principle 52.3 Case Study: 10-Inch Rigid Offshore Oil Riser Inspection for Wall Thickness and Cracks 52.4 The Reinspection Project 52.5 Summary and Benefits Reference 53 Eddy Current Testing in Pipeline Inspection KONRAD REBER 53.1 Standard Eddy Current Testing 53.2 Enhanced Eddy Current Testing 53.3 Applications for Pipeline Inspection References 54 Unpiggable Pipelines Tom Steinvoorte 54.1 Introduction 54.2 Challenging Pipeline Inspection Approach 54.3 Free-Swimming ILI Tools for Challenging Pipeline Inspections 54.4 Self-Propelled Inspection Solutions References Bibliography: Sources of Additional Information 55 In-The-Ditch Pipeline Inspection Greg Zinter 55.1 Overview 55.2 Introduction to Nondestructive Examination of Pipelines 55.3 NDE and a Pipeline Integrity Program 55.4 Pipeline Coatings 55.5 Types of Anomalies 55.6 NDE Measurement Technologies 55.7 Excavation Package 55.8 Data Collection 55.9 Conducting In-the-Ditch Assessment 55.10 Data Management 55.11 Recent Technological Developments 55.12 Summary Acknowledgments Reference Bibliography 56 Flaw Assessment Ted L. Anderson 56.1 Overview 56.1.1 Why Are Flaws Detrimental? 56.2 Assessing Metal Loss 56.3 Crack Assessment 56.4 Dents References 57 Integrity Management of Pipeline Facilities Greg Szuch, Mike Reed, and Keith Leewis 57.1 Introduction 57.2 Elements of a F-IMP 57.3 Building a Facility Integrity Plan 57.4 Final Thoughts References Bibliography: Essential Reading 58 Pipeline Geohazard Detection Using Satellite InSAR Murray Down and Jon Leighton 58.1 Introduction: Why InSAR for Pipelines 58.2 Satelllite InSAR Simplified 58.3 Specifying InSAR Requirements  Bibliography 59 Integrity Management of Pipelines with Cracking Michael Palmer 59.1 Introduction 59.2 What Are Cracks and How Do We Find Them? 59.3 Integrity Assessment of Cracks 59.4 What Can Be Done to Manage the Integrity of a Pipeline with Cracks? References PART VIII MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, REPLACEMENT, REUSE, AND ABANDONMENT 60 Hydrogen and the Energy Transition Neil Gallon and Adrian Horsley 60.1 Introduction 60.2 Hydrogen Storage and Transport 60.3 Designing or Repurposing a Hydrogen Pipeline 60.4 Differences in the Integrity Management Approach between Hydrogen and Natural Gas Pipelines 60.4.1 Probability of Failure 60.4.2 Consequence 60.4.3 Implications for Integrity Management in Hydrogen References 61 Pipeline Cleaning Randy L. Roberts 61.1 Introduction 61.2 Contaminates 61.3 Progressive Pigging 61.4 Pig Types 61.5 Durometer 61.6 Mechanical and Liquid (Chemical) Cleaning 61.7 On-Line or Off-Line 61.8 Cleaning a Pipeline 61.9 How Clean Do I Need to Be? 61.10 Summary References 62 Managing an Aging Pipeline Infrastructure Brian N. Leis 62.1 Introduction 62.2 Background 62.3 Evolution of Line Pipe Steel, Pipe Making, and Pipeline Construction 62.4 Pipeline System Expansion and the Implications for “Older” Pipelines 62.5 The Evolution of Pipeline Codes and Standards, and Regulations 62.6 Some Unique Aspects of Early and Vintage Pipelines 62.7 Management Approach and Challenges 62.8 Closure Acknowledgments References 63 Pipeline Repair Using Full-Encirclement Repair Sleeves William A. Bruce, Melissa Gould, and John Kiefner 63.1 Introduction 63.2 Background 63.3 Full-Encirclement Steel Sleeves 63.4 Comparison of Steel Sleeves and Fiber Reinforced Composite Repairs 63.5 Welding onto an In-Service Pipeline 63.6 Summary and Conclusions References 64 Pipeline Repair Robert Smyth and David Futch 64.1 Introduction 64.2 Background 64.3 Defect Identification 64.4 Safety 64.5 Protocols 64.6 Recoat 64.7 Pipe Replacement 64.8 Grinding/Sanding 64.9 Full-Encirclement Steel Sleeves, Type A and B 64.10 Epoxy-Filled Sleeves 64.11 Steel Compression Sleeves 64.12 Composite Reinforcement Sleeves 64.12.1 Designing an Effective Composite Repair 64.13 Thin Sheet Steel Coil Wrap 64.14 Hot Tapping 64.15 Direct Deposition Welding 64.16 Mechanical Clamps 64.17 Temporary Repairs 64.18 Applicability to Various Defect Types References 65 Pipeline Oil Spill Cleanup Merv Fingas 65.1 Oil Spills and Pipelines: An Overview 65.2 Response to Oil Spills 65.3 Types of Oil and Their Properties 65.4 Behavior of Oil in the Environment 65.5 Analysis, Detection, and Remote Sensing of Oil Spills 65.6 Containment on Water 65.7 Oil Recovery on Water 65.8 Separation, Pumping, Decontamination, and Disposal 65.9 Spill-Treating Agents 65.10 In Situ Burning 65.11 Shoreline Cleanup and Restoration 65.12 Oil Spills on Land References 66 Pipeline Abandonment Alan Pentney and Dean Carnes 66.1 What Is Pipeline Abandonment? 66.2 Abandonment Planning 66.3 Procedures for Abandoning Pipelines and Related Facilities 66.4 Post-Abandonment Physical Issues 66.5 Post-Abandonment Care References PART IX RISK MANAGEMENT 67 Risk Management of Pipelines Lynne C. Kaley 67.1 Overview 67.2 Qualitative and Quantitative RBI Approaches 67.3 Development of Inspection Programs 67.4 Putting RBI into Practice 67.5 Conclusion: Evaluating RBI Methodologies References Bibliography 68 Offshore Pipeline Risk, Corrosion, and Integrity Management with Lessons Learned Binder Singh and Ben Poblete  68.1 Introduction 68.2 Challenges, Lessons, and Solutions 68.3 Life Cycle 68.4 Case Histories 68.5 Codes, Standards, Recommended Practices, and Regulations 68.6 Corrosion Risk Analysis, Inspection, and Monitoring Methodologies 68.7 Lessons Learned, Recommendations, and Future Strategies Caveat and Acknowledgments References Bibliography 69 Pipeline Operational Intrusions Errol R. A. Eccles 69.1 Introduction 69.2 Operations Management and Risk 69.3 Risk Assessment 69.4 Operations Management 69.5 Process Safety Management 69.6 Work Management 69.7 Emergency and Incident Management 69.8 Management of Change (MOC) 69.9 Competence 69.10 Risk Management 69.11 Information Technology (IT) 69.12 Summary 69.13 Terms and Definitions Acknowledgments References PART X CASE HISTORIES 70 Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking on Onshore Pipelines Driven by Cathodic Protection - Case Studies Pablo Cazenave, Katina Jimenez, Ming Gao, and Ravi Krishnamurthy 70.1  Background 70.2 Investigation of a Gas Transmission Pipeline Failure in Argentina 70.3 Mechanisms of Cracking 70.4 Similar Cases in Europe, North America, and the Literature 70.5 Effects of CP-related Hydrogen on Other Types of Cracking 70.6 Mitigation strategies 70.7 Closing remarks References 71 Buckling of Pipelines under Repair Sleeves: A Case Study—Analysis of the Problem and Cost-Effective Solutions Arnold L. Lewis II 71.1 Introduction 71.2 Study Conclusions 71.3 Summary Acknowledgment References 72 Shell FLAGS Inspection Case Study J. Nonemaker, T. Steinvoorte, and R. Subramanian 72.1  Introduction 72.2  The Challenge 72.3  The Solution 72.4  Field Work 72.5  Result 73 Deepwater, High-Pressure and Multi-Diameter Pipelines – A Challenging In-Line Inspection Project Luciano  Baptista, Tom Steinvoorte, Stephan Harmsen, and Carlos Enrique Sabido 73.1 Introduction 73.2 Background 73.3 Challenge 73.4 Solution 73.5 Scope 73.6 Tool Design 73.7 Testing 73.8 Gauging and Inspection Runs 73.9 Benefit References GLOSSARY Part 1: Abbreviations Part 2: Selected Terms

• Industrial chemistry & manufacturing technologies

• Industrial chemistry

• Fossil fuel technologies

• Professional & Vocational

• Tertiary Education (US: College)

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