This open access handbook aims to provide a definitive assessment of the historiography and the future of major themes and approaches within the history of the earth sciences, understood broadly.  The volume is intended for a broad range of readers, including graduate students, other scholars, and scientists, both familiar with and new to the history of the earth and environmental sciences.   Essays in the collection reflect on various problems in the study of the history of the earth sciences emphasizing crosscutting themes (such as economics, technology, politics, gender, etc.) and featuring innovative ways of framing historiographic perspectives.   Since scholarship in the history of science is increasingly becoming entangled with environmental, economic and bureaucratic, political, gender, and other historical approaches, the volume as a whole emphasizes the breadth and diversity of scholarship on the earth and environmental sciences.